What are “complex systems” in this context? These are noncomputer systems, such as a company’s supply chain. A system is “complex” when it has so many variables and interacting forces that it can’t be ...

Modeling complex systems When studying complex biological systems such as the immune system, scientists can extract many different types of data. Sequencing cell genomes tells them which gene variants ...

In the face of the dual challenges of climate change and energy security, conducting in-depth research on energy and carbon emission (E&C) systems has become crucial for nations to address ...