Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical problems such as predicting the result of a football game or the movement of a ...

Discrete input–output maps are widely used in science and engineering. Many maps are intrinsically discrete, such as models of the mapping from genotypes to discrete phenotypes in biology, or networks ...

Engineered cell-based therapies comprise a promising emerging strategy for treating diverse diseases. Realizing this promise requires new tools for engineering cells to sense and respond to soluble ...