The accretion of new material during Pluto’s formation may have generated enough heat to create a liquid ocean that has persisted beneath an icy crust to the present day, despite the dwarf planet’s ...

A deep-sea exploration off the coast of Hawaii has revealed a striking natural formation on the Pacific seafloor that’s left marine scientists momentarily speechless: a structure resembling a “yellow ...

Until now, the scientific community debated the starting point of liquid mantle solidification: did it begin deep within the Earth and progress toward the surface, or vice versa? Through advanced ...

Scientists believe they found fresh proof of an ancient ocean on Mars in the form of a “bathtub ring” it left after it dried ...

A colossal ocean current encircling Antarctica—stronger than all the world’s rivers combined—played a far more complex role in shaping Earth’s climate than scientists once thought. New research shows ...

Researchers investigate the effects of oxygen content on the melting of mantle rocks and the formation of early Earth magma It is widely accepted that the early Earth largely consisted of molten magma ...

Scientists have shown how the freezing of a ‘slushy’ ocean of magma may be responsible for the composition of the Moon’s crust. The scientists, from the University of Cambridge and the Ecole normale ...

The formation of marine snow is an important part of the biological carbon pump as carbon is exported to depth. These particles are composed of cells, minerals, and other sources of organic carbon ...

The Ob, Yenisei, and Lena rivers flow into the Kara and Laptev seas and account for about half of the total freshwater runoff to the Arctic Ocean. The transport and transformation of freshwater ...