Qualitative spatial reasoning is a field concerned with describing and inferring the relationships between spatial entities using symbolic representations rather than precise numerical coordinates. At ...

Spatial relations in text refer to how a geographical entity is located in space in relation to a reference entity. Extracting spatial relations from text is a fundamental task in natural language ...

The multi-level testing framework is designed across spatial relations, spatial scenes, and prompt engineering strategies, with standardized scripts ensuring normalization. Recently, the Journal of ...